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You have guest access Athens/Institution Login Not Registered? ScienceDirect(R) Home Skip to ScienceDirect. Find Main Navigation Links out more. User Name: ____________ Password: ____________ [ Login ] [ ] Remember me on this computer Forgotten password? Home Browse Search My Settings Alerts Help Quick All fields _____________________________ Author _______________________________ Search Clear Search all tips fields Advanced (Opens Journal/book title _____________________________ Volume ____ Issue ____ Page ____ [ Submit Search new Quick window) Search ] [IMG] Font Size: Decrease Font Size Increase Font Size Related Articles The relationship between land use and surface water res... Land Use Policy Close You are not entitled to access the full text of this document The relationship between land use and surface water resources in the UK Land Use Policy, Volume 26, Supplement 1, December 2009, Pages S243-S250 E.K. Weatherhead, N.J.K. Howden Abstract Land use and water resources are inextricably entwined. The need to protect the quantity and quality of water resources can impact potential land uses and land management practices, while water availability is a pre-requisite for land uses requiring irrigation. Land use and land management changes impact on water resources for example through changes in catchment yields, infiltration rates, dissolved organic carbon and nutrient transfers. While there is no absolute shortage of water resources across the UK as a whole, spatial and temporal variations already result in water stress across much of the south and east of England during dry summers. In the future, water stress is expected to become more widespread in response to population growth, increasing environmental protection and climate change. Surface water quality is reported to be improving at present, though there are doubts as to the adequacy of the monitoring coverage. Climate change is likely to adversely affect surface water quality, with less dilution in summer and more extreme rainfalls in winter leading to increased erosion and pollution. To conserve usable water resources, land uses which increase evapotranspiration or rapid runoff should be discouraged, particularly in the south and east, and there need to be continuing efforts to maintain good chemical water quality in rivers and groundwater. Water resource constraints will limit opportunities to use irrigation as a counter to climate change, and will influence where irrigated production can be located. [IMG] Purchase PDF (680 K) Land use and flood protection: contrasting approaches a... Applied Geography Close You are not entitled to access the full text of this document Land use and flood protection: contrasting approaches and outcomes in France and in England and Wales Applied Geography, Volume 25, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 1-27 Nathalie Pottier, Edmund Penning-Rowsell, Sylvia Tunstall, Gilles Hubert Abstract Different approaches to the control of floodplain `encroachment' exist in France and in England and Wales. In France, a `coercive' approach emphasises strong central government intervention within a system of designated risk zones for all natural hazards. In England and Wales, a more `cooperative' approach prevails, with the dominant power being with democratically elected local authorities. Ideas and policies are converging, however, as both local flexibility and national direction are shown to have implementation weaknesses as, in both countries, the development pressures on floodplains continue to grow. [IMG] Purchase PDF (352 K) Modelling non-point sources of nitrate pollution of gro... Journal of Hydrology Close You are not entitled to access the full text of this document Modelling non-point sources of nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Great Ouse Chalk, U.K. Journal of Hydrology, Volume 78, Issues 1-2, 30 May 1985, Pages 83-106 M. A. Carey, J. W. Lloyd Abstract A numerical distributed transport model, is described which was used to simulate nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The model takes into account the nitrate input from the soil zone and the movement of nitrate in the unsaturated and saturated zones. The model was developed for an area of 600 km2 of the Cretaceous Chalk, near Cambridge, England. The model area is described in terms of geology, hydrogeology, land use and agricultural practice. The Chalk aquifer was represented by rectangular cells which are divided into an upper and lower layer to represent the unsaturated and saturated zone. The procedure adopted to calculate the nitrate input from the soil zone is outlined. A simplified equation was used to account for the delay for nitrate to pass through the unsaturated zone. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater were determined using a mass-balance approach. The model results in the simulation mode and in the forecast mode are presented and discussed. The sensitivity of the model is examined. [IMG] Purchase PDF (1201 K) Identification, designation and formulation of an actio... European Journal of Agronomy Close You are not entitled to access the full text of this document Identification, designation and formulation of an action plan for a nitrate vulnerable zone: a case study of the Ythan catchment, NE Scotland European Journal of Agronomy, Volume 20, Issues 1-2, December 2003, Pages 165-172 A. C. Edwards, A. H. Sinclair, P. Domburg Abstract The EC Nitrate Directive (91/676), agreed by the EC Environment Council in 1991, is an environmental measure designed to protect water against pollution caused by nitrate from agriculture. In 2000, the River Ythan catchment, a 68 000 ha area of predominantly agricultural land in NE Scotland, was designated a nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ) by the Scottish Executive. A combination of reasons for designation was suggested, including evidence of elevated nitrate concentrations in the surface waters of the catchment together with the criteria set out at Annex IA(3) of the EC Nitrates Directive, i.e. that the estuary is eutrophic or in the near future may become eutrophic. Evidence from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency surface water monitoring sites has revealed several tributaries of the Ythan with nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum permitted level of 50 mg l -1 (11.3 mg l -1 NO3-N) and a rising trend in the main river channel. There has been an approximate threefold increase in surface water nitrate concentrations since the early 1960s to a current value of not, vert, similar35 mg l -1 (8 mg l -1 NO3-N). There is separate evidence of elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The amounts of fertiliser N applied annually has also increased substantially and in 1994 these were estimated to be not, vert, similar60% of the total N (equivalent to 194 kg ha -1) added to the catchment. Various stages have been involved in the decision to designate including documents for public consultation and a proposed Action Programme. However, several issues remain to be resolved, especially the extent to which a causal relationship actually exists between the increased loss of nitrate to the estuary and algal growth. Being able to accurately apportion sources of N `supply' with periods of `uptake' within the aquatic system is complicated. Here we suggest that an estimated 70% of the terrestrially derived nitrate input to the estuarine system actually occur out with the main period of algal growth. This emphasises the need for a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal linkages that exist between N cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems particularly as this will directly influence the likely success and cost effectiveness of remedial measures taken to relieve the symptoms of eutrophication. [IMG] Purchase PDF (292 K) Assessing the effects of land use on temporal change in... The Science of The Total Environment Close You are not entitled to access the full text of this document Assessing the effects of land use on temporal change in well water quality in a designated nitrate vulnerable zone The Science of The Total Environment, Volume 265, Issues 1-3, 29 January 2001, Pages 253-268 A. J. A. Vinten, S. M. Dunn Abstract The nitrate concentration in discharge from the Balmalcolm borehole in Fife, Scotland, has steadily increased from 4.5 mg l -1 NO3 ----N in the early 1970s to 11.0 mg l -1 NO3 ----N in 1998. Consequently the catchment of the borehole, covering an area of 400 ha has recently been designated a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone under the EC Nitrate Directive [Commission of European Communities L375, (1991) 1]. The sandstone aquifer that supplies the borehole is recharged by water draining from land that is intensively cropped to green vegetables. There is, therefore, a need to identify appropriate land management techniques that will help to abate the nitrate losses from the land and to estimate the length of time that it is likely to take before the abatement is observed as a decrease in well-water concentrations. Estimates of nitrate leaching for the range of crops that have been grown in the catchment over the last 30 years have been made using a balance sheet approach, modified to allow for estimates of denitrification and in-field composting of vegetable crop residues. Integration over the whole catchment using a GIS approach, indicates a steady-state well water [NO3 ----N] of 23 mg l -1 - a situation that has not yet been reached. Prediction of the time course of change in well water quality from 1970 (when intensification began) has been made by calculating the travel time from different parts of the catchment both in the saturated and unsaturated zones. The results show good agreement between the measurements and simulation. Well water [NO3 ----N] under potential future management scenarios have also been investigated using the same approach. The greatest reduction in steady-state concentration, to 9 mg l -1, is achieved for the scenario of extensification to spring cereals with moderately fertilised grassland. However, the temporal simulations suggest that it would take approximately 100 years before 80% of this change is observed in the well-water, starting from a concentration of 23 mg l -1. [IMG] Purchase PDF (560 K) View More Related Articles [IMG] PANGAEA Supplementary Data View Record in Scopus * Purchase PDF (515 K) * Export Citation [IMG] Abstract [IMG] Abstract - selected [IMG] Article [IMG] Figures/Tables Figures/Tables - selected References References - selected Return your view to full page Focus your view on this article Journal of Environmental Management Volume 68, Issue 3, July 2003, Pages 315-328 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- doi:10.1016/S0301-4797(03)00095-1 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI [IMG] Cited By in Scopus (36) Copyright (c) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Permissions & Reprints Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS Purchase the full-text article References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. Iain R. LakeCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, a, Andrew A. Lovetta, Kevin M. Hiscockb, Mark Betsonc, Aidan Foleyb, c, Gisela Su:nnenbergb, Sarah Eversd and Steve Fletcherd a Centre for Environmental Risk, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK b School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK c Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK d National Groundwater and Contaminated Land Centre, Environment Agency, Solihull, UK Received 9 October 2002; revised 10 March 2003; accepted 16 April 2003. ; Available online 11 June 2003. Abstract The 1991 EU Nitrate Directive was designed to reduce water pollution from agriculturally derived nitrates. England and Wales implemented this Directive by controlling agricultural activities within their most vulnerable areas termed Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. These were designated by identifying drinking water catchments (surface and groundwater), at risk from nitrate pollution. However, this method contravened the Nitrate Directive because it only protected drinking water and not all waters. In this paper, a GIS was used to identify all areas of groundwater vulnerable to nitrate pollution. This was achieved by constructing a model containing data on four characteristics: the quality of the water leaving the root zone of a piece of land; soil information; presence of low permeability superficial (drift) material; and aquifer properties. These were combined in a GIS and the various combinations converted into a measure of vulnerability using expert knowledge. Several model variants were produced using different estimates of the quality of the water leaving the root zone and contrasting methods of weighting the input data. When the final models were assessed all produced similar spatial patterns and, when verified by comparison with trend data derived from monitored nitrate concentrations, all the models were statistically significant predictors of groundwater nitrate concentrations. The best predictive model contained a model of nitrate leaching but no land use information, implying that changes in land use will not affect designations based upon this model. The relationship between nitrate levels and borehole intake depths was investigated since there was concern that the observed contrasts in nitrate levels between vulnerability categories might be reflecting differences in borehole intake depths and not actual vulnerability. However, this was not found to be statistically important. Our preferred model provides the basis for developing a new set of groundwater Nitrate Vulnerable Zones that should help England and Wales to comply with the EU Nitrate Directive. Author Keywords: GIS; Groundwater pollution; Risk assessment; Nitrate vulnerable zones Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Modelling vulnerability to groundwater pollution 2.1. Model rationale 2.2. Data sources 2.2.1. Surface leaching 2.2.2. Aquifer type, drift cover and soil characteristics 2.3. Creating the models 2.4. Classification of models into vulnerability classes 2.4.1. Classification of surface leaching 2.4.2. Classification of aquifer, drift cover and soil characteristics 2.4.3. An overall vulnerability classification 3. Model assessment and comparison 3.1. Results 4. Model verification 4.1. Results 5. Model selection 6. Vulnerability relationship with borehole sampling depth 7. Summary and conclusions 8. Disclaimer Acknowledgements References Thumbnail image Fig. 1. Intrinsic groundwater nitrate vulnerability model Variant 3. View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thumbnail image Fig. 2. Specific groundwater nitrate vulnerability model Variant 3. View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thumbnail image Fig. 3. Groundwater nitrate risk model Variant 3. View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thumbnail image Fig. 4. The geographical distribution of nitrate monitoring boreholes in England and Wales. View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thumbnail image Fig. 5. The definition of well sampling depth. View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1. Components of the three nitrate vulnerability models Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 2. Classification of the leaching layers Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3. Classification of soil, low permeability drift and aquifer type in the models Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 4. Mean nitrate concentration (mg/l NO3) in each vulnerability class for the three nitrate vulnerability models and their variants Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 5. Comparative statistics for vulnerability model performance for the three nitrate vulnerability models and their variants Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 6. Variations in well depth by vulnerability class Table Icon View Within Article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 7. Mean nitrate concentration (mg/l NO3) by vulnerability class and minimum depth quartile Table Icon View Within Article Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1603-593744; fax: +44-1603-507719 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Journal of Environmental Management Volume 68, Issue 3, July 2003, Pages 315-328 Home Browse Search My Settings Alerts Help - selected Elsevier.com (Opens new window) About ScienceDirect | Contact Us | Information for Advertisers | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ScienceDirect(R) is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.